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The present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising one or multiple mutant IRES elements. Further, the present invention relates to methods of enhancing gene expression and to methods of differentially controlling expression of one or multiple gene(s) of interest. In addition, the present invention relates to a kit for studying interactions or any application requiring co-expression of multiple genes.

The invention provides for sequencing a nucleic acid molecule based on the detection of base incorporation by the release of pyrophosphate (PPi) using a new enzyme system comprising adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and its substrate ADP-glucose.

A surgical training system and method. The system comprises means for recording reference data representing a reference manipulation of a computer generated model of an object by a master user; means for physically guiding a trainee user based on the recorded reference data during a training manipulation of the model of the object by the trainee user; and means for recording assessment data representing an assessment manipulation of the model of the object by the trainee user without guidance.

A light emitting diode device (LED) is provided. The LED comprises a first-doped layer on a substrate, an active layer on the first-doped layer, a second-doped layer on the active layer, and a metal layer on the second-doped layer. The second-doped layer is patterned on a surface opposite to the active layer to define a first portion and a second portion. The first portion of the second-doped layer has a first portion thickness constrained for electron-hole pairs in the active layer to couple efficiently to a surface plasmon mode at an interface of the metal layer and the second-doped layer thereby increasing the spontaneous emission rate of the LED. The second portion of the second-doped layer has a second portion thickness sufficient to ensure formation of a p-n junction in the LED.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for processing an input image. The method includes generating a base layer portion and a detail layer portion from the input image by carrying out a linear transformation of pixels of a guidance image, and determining, for each of the pixels of the guidance image, a variance of the pixels in a surrounding window of pixels. Further, the method includes determining, for each of the pixels of the guidance image, a weight value of the pixels based on the determined variance, wherein the pixels are weighted in the linear transformation according to the determined weight value. Accordingly, a system for processing an input image is also provided.

According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a wafer dicing apparatus. The wafer dicing apparatus includes a grille, a vacuum suction unit and a cutter. The grille includes an alternating rib and slot arrangement for supporting a wafer, wherein one slot is between two adjacent ribs. The vacuum suction unit is in fluid communication with the grille and sucks air through at least one slot of the grille. The cutter dices the wafer, where either the grille, the cutter or both is configured to align the wafer to be diced along the rib of the grille. There is also provided a wafer dicing method. The method includes providing a wafer, stressing the wafer along a length that extends between two opposite points of the wafer perimeter, and dicing the wafer along the length where the wafer is stressed

A method for detecting and correcting an error in a circuit is provided. The circuit is configured to receive an input signal and clock the input signal with a rising and falling timing signal. The method includes detecting late arrival signal transition of the input signal, at an intermediate point of a path, the path being one through which the input signal transits. The method further includes predicting an error in the input signal in response to detecting the late arrival signal transition at the intermediate point of the path. In addition, the method includes correcting the error in the input signal by manipulating the timing signal and/or a supply voltage.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of communications, and provide a method for repairing and decoding an air interface voice frame, and a signal source side information acquisition method and device, which can improve the bit error rate and frame error rate performance. The method comprises: acquiring parameters formed of decoding bits; performing reliability calculation on the parameters to obtain soft information corresponding to the parameters and a parameter set containing the parameters which have been corrected using the soft information; performing first cyclic redundancy check on the corrected parameter set; if the first cyclic redundancy check fails, flipping a parameter satisfying a bit flipping rule in the parameter set after determining that the parameter set satisfies a preset rule, so as to obtain a flipped parameter set; performing second cyclic redundancy check on flipped parameter set; and if the second cyclic redundancy check is successful, saving and outputting the flipped parameter set. The embodiment of the present invention is used for joint decoding of signal source channels.

The invention relates to binding molecules against Chikungunya virus, which are able of neutralizing Chikungunya virus infectivity, and which can be used with therapeutic, diagnosis or research purposes, as well as to a pharmaceutical composition comprising said binding molecules.

A method of culturing cells or tissues is provided. The method comprises a) providing a support, wherein the support is an optical medium with a patterned surface; b) contacting the support with cells and a culture medium; and c) culturing the cells under suitable cultivation conditions. A device for cell or tissue culture comprising an optical medium, wherein a patterned surface of the optical medium forms a support upon which cells are cultivated, is also provided.