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SINGAPORE ¨C A team of researchers from the òòò½Íø, Technology and Research¡¯s (A*STAR) Genome Institute of òòò½Íø(GIS) analysed the genomes of 177 òòò½ÍøPeranakans. They estimated that Peranakan Chinese inherited 5.62% Malay ancestry around 190 years ago, a proportion that is significantly higher than that in òòò½ÍøChinese (1.08% Malay ancestry), southern Chinese (0.86% Malay ancestry), and northern Chinese (0.25% Malay ancestry). Their findings were published in the scientific journal  on 21 June 2021.

The Peranakan Chinese are culturally unique descendants of immigrants from China who settled in the Malay Archipelago centuries ago. How the genetic admixture of Peranakan Chinese occurred has long been debated and unverified, even within the community. By leveraging DNA sequences (which contain genetic footprints of our ancestors), scientists are now able to infer some aspects of the ancestors of certain populations. This approach could resolve the ambiguities in our demographic histories not covered by historical studies.

Prof Roger Foo, Senior Group Leader of the Laboratory of Molecular Epigenomics and Chromatin Organization at GIS, commented, ¡°Genomes are like books that contain clues about our past, like the ethnicities of our ancestors. By genomic analysis, we have pieced together some clues to reconstruct the pictures of our ancestors.¡±

The team identified an ancient admixture event shared by the Peranakan Chinese and òòò½ÍøChinese that took place approximately 1,612 years ago, coinciding with the settlement history of Han Chinese in southern China. They also identified the recent admixture event with Malays unique to Peranakan Chinese, which took place around 190 years ago. In addition, they discovered that the Malay ancestry was primarily contributed by Malay females. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that early Chinese traders wedded local Malay women due to the smaller number of Chinese women among the early immigrants.

Baba Colin Chee, President of The Peranakan Association Singapore, said, ¡°The Peranakan Association òòò½Íøis proud to have collaborated with GIS on this ground-breaking genome project. Its findings have, for the very first time, given scientific credence to our belief that the Peranakans descended from the mixed unions of early traders from China, India and Europe with Southeast Asia¡¯s Malay women.¡±

Prof Patrick Tan, Executive Director of GIS, said, ¡°These findings greatly advance our understanding of the dispersal history of Chinese and their interaction with the indigenous populations in Southeast Asia. The information from the Peranakan genomes provides a welcome addition to our ongoing larger scale efforts to understand the genetic diversity of the òòò½Íøpopulation, and how genetic data can be used to improve the health of every citizen.¡±

òòò½Íø¡¯s Genome Institute of òòò½Íø(GIS)

The Genome Institute of òòò½Íø(GIS) is an institute of the òòò½Íø, Technology and Research (A*STAR). It has a global vision that seeks to use genomic sciences to achieve extraordinary improvements in human health and public prosperity. Established in 2000 as a centre for genomic discovery, the GIS pursues the integration of technology, genetics and biology towards academic, economic and societal impact, with a mission to "read, reveal and write DNA for a better òòò½Íøand world".

Key research areas at the GIS include Precision Medicine & Population Genomics, Genome Informatics, Spatial & Single Cell Systems, Epigenetic & Epitranscriptomic Regulation, Genome Architecture & Design, and Sequencing Platforms. The genomics infrastructure at the GIS is also utilised to train new scientific talent, to function as a bridge for academic and industrial research, and to explore scientific questions of high impact.

For more information about GIS, please visit .

About the òòò½Íø, Technology and Research (A*STAR)

A*STAR is Singapore's lead public sector R&D agency. Through open innovation, we collaborate with our partners in both the public and private sectors to benefit the economy and society. As a Science and Technology Organisation, A*STAR bridges the gap between academia and industry. Our research creates economic growth and jobs for Singapore, and enhances lives by improving societal outcomes in healthcare, urban living, and sustainability. A*STAR plays a key role in nurturing scientific talent and leaders for the wider research community and industry. A*STAR¡¯s R&D activities span biomedical sciences to physical sciences and engineering, with research entities primarily located in Biopolis and Fusionopolis. For ongoing news, visit .

NOTES TO EDITOR

ANNEX A

Diagram of the admixture history of Peranakan Chinese

Admixture dates (95% confidence interval ¹) and relative contributions from each ancestral source (in red) were obtained from  analysis. The admixture event in Malays dated ~1,696 years ago was described in our previous study (Wu, et al. 2019). The 10% contribution from Malay to Peranakan Chinese estimated by GLOBETROTTER was slightly higher than the estimate of 5.62% Malay ancestry using a different method called RFMix. The piechart represents sex-specific contributions, based on mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplogroups, from Chinese and Malays to the Peranakan Chinese community, assuming equal numbers of males and females in the founders of Peranakan Chinese.

ANNEX B

The research findings described in this media release can be found in the scientific journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, under the title,  by the following authors: Degang Wu¹, Peter Yiqing Li^2,3 Bangfen Pan^2,3,4, Zenia Tiang^2,3,4 Jinzhuang Dou⁴, Ivanna Williantarra^5,6, Amadeus Yeremia Pribowo⁶, Rizky Nurdiansyah⁷, The SG Peranakan Project⁸, Roger S. Y. Foo^2,3,4,* Chaolong Wang^1,*

1.Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

2.Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

3.NUHS Cardiovascular Diseases Translational Research Program, National University Health System, Singapore

4.Genome Institute of Singapore, òòò½Íø, Technology and Research (A*STAR), òòò½Íø

5.Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

6.Department of Biotechnology, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (i3L), Jakarta, Indonesia

7.Department of Bioinformatics, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (i3L), Jakarta, Indonesia

* Correspondence: chaolong@hust.edu.cn (Chaolong Wang), foosyr@gis.a-star.edu.sg(Roger S. Y. Foo).